1992; Liu et al. 2017). We performed whole-genome resequencing of pooled samples (Pool-Seq) for 15 O. rufipogon and 9 O. nivara populations (fig. The sequenced fragments were assembled by ContigExpress (Informax Inc., North Bethesda, MD) and edited manually. The nearly complete isolation in flowering time together with a difference in mating system (Sang and Ge 2007; Vaughan et al. Griffempfehlung. To examine the strength of postmating isolation, we conducted artificial crossing, including crosses within populations, between populations within species, and between species in 2016 and 2017 in the Lingshui Station (N18°30.6′, E110°2.4′) in Hainan Province, China (fig. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Butlin et al. 2012) to compare different models for demographic history of the populations of two species based on the sequences of 16 neutral genes. 2017). Previous studies hypothesized that O. nivara originated from O. rufipogon in association with an ecological shift from a persistently wet to a seasonally dry habitat during recent glaciations (Barbier 1989; Morishima et al. 2012). Specifically, we divided the genome-wide SNPs into three categories: outlier SNPs (candidates of selection), linked SNPs (tightly linked to outlier SNPs), and neutral SNPs. 2012): 1) the populations in similar environments must be phylogenetically distinct and must arise from multiple origins rather than from gene flow caused by secondary contact of allopatric populations; 2) reproductive isolation must have established between descendent and ancestral populations; 3) reproductive isolation must not have been established between descendent populations; and 4) the shared characteristics in descendent populations must be proved to have evolved by natural selection. 2015); thus, they were suitable for a population genetics study. Over 30 individuals, each descended from separately collected maternal plants, were used for all populations (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). . 914-218-3975 Ayslinn Selway. 2016; Ru et al. S7, Supplementary Material online; see Materials and Methods). Minutes of the regular meeting of the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin: February 10, 1967 and February 11, 1967 (1967) We used the linear mixed-effects models (nlme package in R) to analyze divergence of morphological traits at the species level. GlasGestaltungselement (GF) Patton Cynda M, 1409 Burchfield Road, Allison Park, PA 15101. 2000; Colosimo et al. A t the global level, the most important cereal crops are maize (Zea mays L.), rice, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (H. vulgare spp. As these relative measures relied on the diversity within population, the absolute measure of divergence dXY was also calculated by dividing the number of pairwise nucleotide differences by the total length of the variable and invariable sites between populations (Nei and Li 1979). In contrast, O. nivara is characterized by its short stature, predominant self-fertilization, and photoperiod insensitivity (early flowering) (Morishima et al. 6 and supplementary table S7, Supplementary Material online). Together, these results indicate that the difference between species in flowering time caused almost completed premating reproductive isolation between species and contributed to the divergence of two wild species. The resulting distribution of each summary statistic should reproduce the observed value if the preferred model fits our data well (as judged by the P value) (supplementary table S13, Supplementary Material online); and 3) we plotted the first two PCs based on PCA of the accepted summary statistics of the preferred models (supplementary fig. (2007). et al. 2013; Liu et al. Because two major models of O. nivara origin (fig. Notably, within each species, flowering time showed a latitudinal cline and overlapped, with first heading date depending on the latitude of the populations (fig. That means that the area available for solar panels, per occupant, is minimal. 2016). 218-637-2633 Susy Umbarger. Linear mixed-effect models detected that 14 of 19 traits showed significant differences, and only three grain traits (weight, length, and thickness of grains), awn length, and the flag leaf length were not significantly different between species (fig. Based on a total of 238 artificial crosses involving those within populations, between populations within species, and between species, we found that the average seed set and F1 viability of the crosses between species were comparable to those of the crosses within species, although significant differences in seed set were found between the crosses with O. rufipogon as the maternal parent and those with O. nivara as the maternal parent (fig. We examined the extent of postmating isolation by determining the seed set of crosses and the viability of F1 hybrids following the methods of Sobel and Streisfeld (2015). 2e), suggesting that the O. nivara populations have evolved in parallel in different regions. 218-637-8739 Beverleigh Sandusky. 2007; Zheng and Ge 2010). S10, Supplementary Material online). 218-637-7898 Carilyn Bushee. Schematic diagram and test for single origin (SO) and multiple origin (MO) models. The consistency of allele frequencies between Pool-Seq and genotyping data was evaluated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression. 2012) was used to implement the ABC method. Biologically, O. rufipogon is characterized by its tall stature, a mixed mating system, photoperiod sensitivity (late flowering), and profligate vegetative reproduction. Separate analyses on individual pairs of populations based on one-way ANOVA and χ2 test obtained more striking differences between species (fig. The two groups of populations, geographically separated by >2,000 km (fig. Richards TJ, Walter GM, McGuigan K, Ortiz-Barrientos D. Roda F, Ambrose L, Walter GM, Liu HL, Schaul A, Lowe A, Pelser PB, Prentis P, Rieseberg LH, Ortiz-Barrientos D. Roda F, Walter GM, Nipper R, Ortiz‐Barrientos D. Ru D, Mao K, Zhang L, Wang X, Lu Z, Sun Y. Rundle HD, Nagel L, Boughman JW, Schluter D. Ryan PG, Bloomer P, Moloney CL, Grant TJ, Delport W. Schlötterer C, Tobler R, Kofler R, Nolte V. Servedio MR, Doorn GSV, Kopp M, Frame AM, Nosil P. Soria-Carrasco V, Gompert Z, Comeault AA, Farkas TE, Parchman TL, Johnston JS, Buerkle CA, Feder JL, Bast J, Schwander T, Further analysis based on a three-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in flowering time for populations between species but not for populations within species whether they were from same or different regions (table 1). 2013). 2013; Richards et al. Nolte Küchen GmbH & Co. KG I Anni-Nolte-Straße 4 I 32584 Löhne PWG Premiumweiß glänzend Gloss premium white Blanc brillant premium Premium wit glanzend AWG Magnolia glänzend ... Griff 215 Griff 218 Griff 207 Griff 497 (INTEGRA) Griff 498 (INTEGRA) Arcticweiß PRO I Arctic white PRO Blanc arctique PRO I Arctic wit PRO 2016), and cichlid fishes (Elmer et al. Genetic architecture for the adaptive origin of annual wild rice, Widespread and adaptive alterations in genome-wide gene expression associated with ecological divergence of two, Divergent selection on flowering time contributes to local adaptation in, A standardized genetic differentiation measure, Nucleotide diversity of 11S seed storage protein gene and its implications for ecological adaptation of, A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice, Estimation of levels of gene flow from DNA sequence data, Parallel speciation: a key to sympatric divergence, Natural variation and genetic constraints on drought tolerance, VarScan 2: somatic mutation and copy number alteration discovery in cancer by exome sequencing, PoPoolation: a toolbox for population genetic analysis of next generation sequencing data from pooled individuals, PoPoolation2: identifying differentiation between populations using sequencing of pooled DNA samples (Pool-Seq), The evolution of drought escape and avoidance in natural herbaceous populations. As a special form of parallel evolution, parallel speciation involves independent formations of reproductive isolation in separate but closely related lineages/populations as by-products of adaptation to similar divergent environments, providing a convincing case for ecological speciation and for natural selection in generating reproductive isolation (Schluter and Nagel 1995; Johannesson 2001; Nosil 2012). 2014; Faria et al. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh or silica-gel dried leaves using the standard CTAB method. We sequenced fragments of 20 single-copy nuclear genes for 20 individuals from each of the 12 populations that were used for the common garden experiments (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). 2013). 1). We then adopted three methods to test the goodness of fit for the model: 1) to compute a P value according to the null distribution of the mean distance between observed and accepted samples (supplementary table S12, Supplementary Material online); 2) to make the posterior predictive checks by sampling 1,000 sets of parameters from their posterior distribution and simulating the summary statistics a posteriori using fastsimcoal2. Of them, 18 populations were sampled by the authors during field collections from 2008 to 2011, in which both the leaf and seed samples were collected individually, with the population sizes ranging from 14 to 32. S9 and table S5, Supplementary Material online). Oftmals gestaltet sich die Suche schwierig und zeitaufwendig, da bestimmte Griffe und andere Zubehörteile für Nobilia Küchen nur kurze Zeit angeboten werden. Here, we used an integrative approach incorporating population genomics, common garden, and crossing experiments to investigate parallel speciation of the wild rice species Oryza nivara from O. rufipogon. 1), are independent lineages in the trees and thus represent two independent origins of O. nivara (fig. We performed phylogenetic analyses to distinguish between single and multiple origin hypotheses of O. nivara. 2012). conducted the analyses of phenotypic and sequencing data. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Phylogenetic evidence for multiple sympatric ecological diversification in a marine snail, Shared and nonshared genomic divergence in parallel ecotypes of, Validation of SNP allele frequencies determined by pooled next-generation sequencing in natural populations of a non-model plant species, Divergent natural selection drives the evolution of reproductive isolation in an Australian wildflower, Genomic evidence for the parallel evolution of coastal forms in the, Genomic clustering of adaptive loci during parallel evolution of an Australian wildflower, Genomic evidence for polyphyletic origins and interlineage gene flow within complex taxa: a case study of, Natural selection and parallel speciation in sympatric sticklebacks, Ecological speciation in South Atlantic island finches, Genetics and phylogenetics of rice domestication, Sequencing pools of individuals – mining genome-wide polymorphism data without big funding, Evidence for ecological speciation and its alternative. Three-Way ANOVA for PC1, PC2, and 18 Phenotypic Traits. “N-N” and “R-R” represent crosses between individuals from the same population within Oryza nivara (N) and O. rufipogon (R), respectively. The reads that lost their mates after trimming were also dropped. 3a) involve different scenarios of demographic history, the extent and direction of gene flow, and the different split times between paired populations, three kinds of scenarios were considered for each major model with a total of 12 models (supplementary fig. 4a), consistent with previous reports (Grillo et al. Bringen Sie mit ein paar neuen Griffen oder Relingstangen frischen Wind in Ihre Nobilia Einbauküche. Achtung! 3b). 3b). 2014; Ravinet et al. S.G., and Z.C. These results demonstrate a complex genetic basis of the phenotypic divergence between the two species and suggest that these genetic changes were fixed under directional selection. 2016). In general, relative to the perennial O. rufipogon, the annual O. nivara is shorter and thicker, flowers earlier, has shorter and less exserted panicles with more compactness, and has more spikelets per panicle with shorter anthers and awns (fig. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (, Predicting the evolution of sexual dimorphism in gene expression, Unraveling the Complex Hybrid Ancestry and Domestication History of Cultivated Strawberry, Bridging themes: short protein segments found in different architectures, Pneumococcal colonisation and virulence factors identified via experimental evolution in infection models, About the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2021 Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution. A maximum likelihood (ML) tree of single genes was also constructed using the RAxML program (Stamatakis 2014), which were used to generate estimated species-tree by using ASTRAL (Mirarab et al. Genomic DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing of the genes followed our previous studies (Zheng and Ge 2010; Liu et al. 2011; Nosil 2012; Moyers and Rieseberg 2016) that contributes both to adaption and to reproductive isolation. Das Komplette Nobilia - Zubehör Sortiment Finden Sie im Internet bei uns. 2009; Banaticla-Hilario et al. A plausible reason is that the O. nivara populations in Myanmar represent a third origin that is different from the two origins we discussed here (i.e., one in South Asia and the other in Southeast Asia). 2013). Under the single origin (SO) hypothesis, populations of the two species should indicate reciprocal monophyly; in contrast, for the multiple origin (MO) hypothesis, populations from the same region should form a distinct clade (Schluter and Nagel 1995; Quesada et al. Seeds were exposed to 50°C for five days to break dormancy and then soaked in culture dishes after the coats were peeled. The survival of all organisms depends critically upon interactions with the environment, mediated largely through the action of small molecules. Höhe: 37 mm Similarly, flowering time in our case is a typical “magic trait” (Servedio et al. These statistics included the number of segregating sites (S), nucleotide diversity (π), Tajima’s D, and pairwise FST among populations. 2c) generated a similar phylogeny to that based on neutral SNPs (fig. Browse for professionals listed alphabetically by first name in the following bracket: 'T' - Page 1171 2017), supporting the notion that prezygotic isolation was either a more important or earlier-evolving barrier to gene flow than was postzygotic isolation in plant speciation (Rieseberg and Willis 2007; Nosil 2012). For the combined test, all 18 traits showed significantly higher QST than FST (Z-test, P < 0.0001; supplementary table S5, Supplementary Material online). Most of the entries in this bibliography were catalogued in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) database between April 1, 2019 and July 31, 2019. Sampling locations of Oryza rufipogon (blue) and O. nivara (red) populations used in this study. Sara Hansell wins slate weightlifting title See story in Sports, page B-1. The remaining six populations were obtained from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Banos, Philippines, with sample sizes >14 individuals per population (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). 2a), that is, populations from the same region clustered together, which is a pattern consistent with the MO model (fig. Therefore, early flowering is a classic adaptation of plants to dry habitats and allows plants to complete reproduction before seasonal drought (Franks 2015; Kooyers 2015; Ferris et al. 2d and supplementary fig. The extent of the direct export trade of this city via New Orleans and the jetties is shown in the fact that last year the shipment of bulk grain by river to New Orleans for export amounted to 8,834,924 bushels. For example, strong selection for earlier flowering was reported in two Brassica rapa populations following drought (Kooyers 2015). 1992; Zheng and Ge 2010; Liu et al. joined the field survey, sample collections, and lab assistances. 218 Edelstahlfarbig / Chrom Glanz. As the posterior probability was an approximation in ABC method, we performed additional analysis to test the goodness of fit between our models and the data. To further evaluate which MO model was more likely, we compared the PP values among three MO models and found that the Standard scenario (mean PP of 0.47, ranging from 0.31 to 0.64) and Demography scenario (mean PP of 0.51, ranging from 0.33 to 0.67) were equally supported with much greater possibility than that of the Migration scenario (mean PP was only 0.02), suggesting a negligible level of gene flow between the paired populations. 2017) imply that parallel speciation might not be uncommon in plant species. 062 Edelstahlfarbig, Nobilia Metall - Griff Nr. To further validate the reliability of our SNP calling and, hence, our allele frequency estimation, we genotyped 271 individuals sampled from four population pairs (i.e., NEP1, NEP2, KHM, and LAO1) and one Chinese O. rufipogon population (rGX-bh) using Illumina Infinium BeadChip (Illumina Inc.).

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